Zeeman effect

The Zeeman effect is the split of an spectral line into several components in the presence of a magnetic field.

In most atoms, there exist several electronic configurations that have the same energy, so that transitions between different pairs of configurations correspond to a single line.

The presence of a magnetic field breaks the degeneracy, since it interacts in a different way with electrons with different quantum numbers, slightly modifying their energies. The result is that, where there were several configurations with the same energy, now there are different energies, that give rise to several very close spectral lines.

No field

   --------    a,b,c

   --------    d,e,f

With field

   -------- a
   -------- b
   -------- c

   -------- d
   -------- e
   -------- f

Without a magnetic field, configurations a, b and c have the same energy, as do d, e and f. The presence of a magnetic field splits the energy levels. A line produced by a transition from a, b or c to d, e or f now will be several lines between different combinations of a, b, c and d, e, f. Not all transitions will be possible -- see transition rules.

The Zeeman effect is named after the Dutch physicist Pieter Zeeman.

Bibliography

• P.Zeeman, Phil.Mag. 43, 226 (1897)

See also Stark effect