Wright brothers
The brothers grew up in Dayton, Ohio, where they ran a bicycle repair, design and manufacturing company (the Wright Cycle Company). Drawing on the work of Sir George Cayley and Otto Lilienthal, they extended the technology of flight with the principles of control still used today. They had researched and initially relied upon the aeronautical literature of the day, including Lilienthal's tables but, finding that the Smeaton Coefficient, a variable in the formula for lift and the formula for drag was wrong, had a wind tunnel built by their employee, Charlie Taylor, to perform practical tests.
In 1900 they went to Kitty Hawk, North Carolina to continue their aeronautical work, choosing Kitty Hawk (actually Kill Devil Hill) because of its strong and steady winds. They experimented with gliders at Kitty Hawk in 1901 and 1902. On March 23, 1903 they applied for a patent for their airplane design. In winter of 1903, they built the Flyer, carved propellors and had an engine built by Taylor in their bicycle shop in Dayton. Then on December 17, 1903 Orville Wright took to the air. Orville's uncontrolled flight, of 120 feet in 12 seconds, was recorded in a famous photograph. In the fourth flight of the same day, the only flight made that day which was actually controlled, Wilbur Wright flew 852 feet in 59 seconds. (See: http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html )
The Wrights established a flying field at Huffman Prairie, near Dayton, and continued work in 1904, using a catapult takeoff system to compensate for the lack of wind in this location. By the end of the year, the Wright brothers had sustained flights of 5 minutes, circling over Huffman Prairie. It is now part of Wright-Patterson Air Force Base.
The Wright brothers invited only a few witnesses to their early flights, in order to protect their patent rights.
The brothers became world famous in 1908 and 1909 when Wilbur toured Europe demonstrating their aeroplane, while Orville demonstrated the flyer to the United States Army at Ft. Meyer.
The Wright brothers brought great attention to flying by Wilbur's flight around the Statue of Liberty in New York in 1909.
Others have built heavier-than-air machines capable of flying under their own power. As mentioned above, the first was Clement Ader (steam engine on monoplane). After the advent of relatively light combustion engines (Benz, Otto, Diesel), other pioneers followed: Richard Pearse (March 1903) and Karl Jatho (August 1903), who was able to start his self-made motored gliding airplane without the aid of a catapult. (Samuel Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, attempted to fly his "Aerodrome" weeks before the Wrights flew. Although his attempts failed, the Smithsonian Institution continued to boast that his Aerodrome was the first machine "capable of flight.")
However, the Wright brothers' three-axis system of control, using wing warping (later supplanted by ailerons) to control roll, elevators to control pitch and angle of attack and a rudder to control yaw, made flight stable and sustainable. The same principles are still in use in all modern aircraft.
Controversy in the credit for invention of the airplane has been fueled by the Wrights' secrecy while their patent was prepared, by the pride of nations, and by the number of firsts made possible by the basic invention. See Aviation history.
See Paul Laurence Dunbar for the Wrights' contributions to the career of the distinguished African American poet.
The Wrights took over 300 photographs of flights and many other events of those pioneer days of aviation. On the occasion of the opening of the new Hangar-7 on August 22, 2003 at Salzburg Airport, this pictorial legacy will be on display for the first time in Europe in a exhibition.[1]
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