Revolution of 1848
- Society was cut in two: those who had nothing united in common envy, and those who had anything united in common terror.
- Alexis de Tocqueville, Recollections
Although the immediate effects of the revolutions were short-term, there were lasting legacies.
Only England and Russia had no revolutions-- the revolutions were mainly the bourgeois opposition to reactionary governments, but repressive Russia had no bourgeois, and England's had been pacified by the Reform Act of 1832.
The revolutions combined hope and despair, different revolutionaries fighting for different aims. Some early bourgeois reformers turned against the revolutions when they felt they had gone too far. No European leader felt safe on his throne during the revolutions.
There was horrific violence on all sides. Thousands were killed.
We look at four (not all) areas: France, the Habsburg areas (i.e., the Austrian Empire), the German states, and the Italian states.
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| Table of contents |
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2 The Revolutions of 1848: 3 Consequences of the Revolutions of 1848 4 External links and references |
The Revolutions of 1848 are a large subject, and we do not claim this list of references is complete.
The Gathering Storm: Before the Revolutions of 1848
The Revolutions of 1848:
France
The Hapsburg areas
The German states
The Italian states
Consequences of the Revolutions of 1848
External links and references
