Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the name used by the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party following the Russian Revolution. The party had split into two factions, the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks, primarily over the issue of party membership. Bolsheviks favored a closed membership of strictly full time professional revolutionaries; whereas the Mensheviks favored open party membership. The Bolsheviks seized power in October of 1917 (by the Julian calendar still in use in Russia at that time). Soon after, they banned the Mensheviks (and all other opposition political organizations) and changed their own name to the "Communist Party".

A name change had been first mooted in Lenin's April Theses, which articulated Lenin's sense that the term Social-Democracy had become devalued, a notion he articulated in his pamphlet Socialism and War (1915) where he talked of the pro-war Social-Democrats as Social-Chauvinists.

The Marxist-Leninist structure of the CPSU was copied by many other Communist parties (c.f.).

In February of 1990, the CPSU called for the end of its constitutional guarantee of power. In March, the Congress of Peoples Deputies repealed Article Six of the Soviet Constitution, which had guaranteed monopoly political power for the party.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the organization became known as the Communist Party of the Russian Federation.